Already since the 17th century homo sapiens was thinking about mechanizing thinking. Hobbes regarded thinking as a kind of calculating.
Leibniz dreamt of the possibility of capturing all human knowledge in symbols, adding rules to it and thus you could calculate new knowledge.
Of course, these philosophers hadn't the slightest idea how to mechanize these thinking procedures, but yet they had a philosophy about what thinking is. What was clear was the fact that thinking implies logic.
The 17th/18th-century mathematician Gottfried Leibniz has been credited with being the founder of symbolic logic for his work with the calculus ratiocinator.
Although his work was the first of its kind, it was unknown to the larger logical community. Consequently, many of the advances achieved by Leibniz were recreated by logicians like George Boole (1815 - 1864) and Augustus De Morgan (1806 - 1871), completely independent of Leibniz.
Just as propositional logic can be considered an advancement from the earlier syllogistic logic, Gottlob Frege's predicate logic can be also considered an advancement from the earlier propositional logic.
The advance was that predicate logic allows quantification. The statement "All swans are white" is represented in proposition logic simply by a single variable, for instance, "p".
The predicate logic would represent the statement like this: AxWx, which you can read as " For all x applies the property W". This kind of symbolizing statements in logic was a step closer again to the mechanization of thinking.
The German mathematician David Hilbert (1872 - 1943), who I mentioned in the previous lecture, occupied himself with the "Entscheidungsproblem".
In mathematics and computer science, the "Entscheidungsproblem" (German for 'decision problem') is a challenge posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928.
The problem asks for an algorithm that considers, as input, a statement, and answers "yes" or "no" according to whether the statement is universally valid, that is, valid in every structure.
In this description, you already hear the ones and zeros of the microchips, the sound of creating algorithms that universally lead to a 1 or a 0, if your input is a series of statements,
Alan Turing was one of the first to come up with ideas that looked like real computing in 1936. He designed in theory some kind of machine that could do calculations, later called the Turing machine.
A Turing machine is an idealized model of a central processing unit, CPU, that controls all data manipulation done by a computer, with the canonical machine using sequential memory to store data.
In 1950 Turing described the Turing test, what he called "the Imitation Game". And here you see the first signs of the question: can a machine outsmart a human?
The test was that you ask questions and C(omputer) or H(uman) will answer the question, no voice text only. At the end, you have to tell who is the computer C or H.
The test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" while working at the University of Manchester. It opens with the words: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'"
Thinking is hard to define, so he changed his question to: "Are there imaginable digital computers that would do well in the imitation game?"
Me and my students loved ELIZA, the first chatbot ever. She was introduced by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966. ELIZA imitates a psychotherapist who tries to keep her patient talking as much as possible.
ELIZA was one of the first chatbots and one of the first programs capable of attempting the Turing test and now we have ChatGPT and BARD and others. Let's discuss that next time.
Thank you for your attention again....
\
Main Sources:
MacMillan The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd edition
TABLE OF CONTENT -----------------------------------------------------------------
1 - 100 Philosophers 9 May 2009 Start of
2 - 25+ Women Philosophers 10 May 2009 this blog
3 - 25 Adventures in Thinking 10 May 2009
4 - Modern Theories of Ethics 29 Oct 2009
5 - The Ideal State 24 Febr 2010 / 234
6 - The Mystery of the Brain 3 Sept 2010 / 266
7 - The Utopia of the Free Market 16 Febr 2012 / 383
8. - The Aftermath of Neo-liberalism 5 Sept 2012 / 413
9. - The Art Not to Be an Egoist 6 Nov 2012 / 426
10 - Non-Western Philosophy 29 May 2013 / 477
11 - Why Science is Right 2 Sept 2014 / 534
12 - A Philosopher looks at Atheism 1 Jan 2015 / 557
13 - EVIL, a philosophical investigation 17 Apr 2015 / 580
14 - Existentialism and Free Will 2 Sept 2015 / 586
15 - Spinoza 2 Sept 2016 / 615
16 - The Meaning of Life 13 Febr 2017 / 637
17 - In Search of my Self 6 Sept 2017 / 670
18 - The 20th Century Revisited 3 Apr 2018 / 706
19 - The Pessimist 11 Jan 2020 / 819
20 - The Optimist 9 Febr 2020 / 824
21 - Awakening from a Neoliberal Dream 8 Oct 2020 / 872
22 - A World Full of Patterns 1 Apr 2021 / 912
23 - The Concept of Freedom 8 Jan 2022 / 965
24 - Materialism 7 Sept 2022 / 1011
25 - Historical Materialism 5 Oct 2023 / 1088
26 - The Bonobo and the Atheist 9 Jan 2024 / 1102
27 - Artificial Intelligence 9 Feb 2024 / 1108
The Discussion
[13:14] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): wow 1966 a chatbot!!
[13:14] herman Bergson: By the way
[13:14] herman Bergson: an anecdote...
[13:14] Max Chatnoir: Wow, that is early!
[13:14] herman Bergson: The secretary of Weizenbaum started a conversation with ELIZA....
[13:15] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): i just read it when i came in
[13:15] herman Bergson: Then...after two or three lines she asked Weizenbaum to leave the room.....
[13:15] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:15] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:15] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): not sure i have heard about that one
[13:15] herman Bergson: I myself had long converstations with ELIZA :-)
[13:16] herman Bergson: Fun thing is...
[13:16] herman Bergson: when you say...Eliza you have beautiful eyes, she always replied...let's not talk about me, but aubout you :-)
[13:16] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ha
[13:16] Max Chatnoir: The programmers thought of that one!
[13:16] herman Bergson: She uses a Rogerian kind of psychology...
[13:17] herman Bergson: Yes Max :-)
[13:17] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): did you see that BArd has changed to genesis?
[13:17] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): and i think is going to cost a lot !
[13:17] Max Chatnoir: Like ChatGPT apologizing when you challenge it.
[13:17] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): lol Gemma
[13:17] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): to use
[13:17] herman Bergson: There is a chatbot....if I am not mistaken its name is ELBOT
[13:18] Max Chatnoir: On the market?
[13:18] Max Chatnoir: I mean the SL market?
[13:18] herman Bergson: YEs..Genesis....
[13:18] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): It makes me think of another thing, also again backrooms related and is a melody i often hear in relation to that theme and i wonder why i recognize it so much. It turns out the song is Daisy Bell, the first ever song that a computer have "sung"
[13:18] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): thats why i recognized it
[13:19] Max Chatnoir: Is that what HAL sung in the Sci fi movie?
[13:19] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ha
[13:19] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): I did not like Hal
[13:19] herman Bergson: Google on Elbot and you'll find the smart chatbot
[13:19] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ok
[13:19] Max Chatnoir: He was not helpful!
[13:19] Max Chatnoir: Hal.
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): i cant remember most of the movie and wont watch it again
[13:20] herman Bergson: Same here :-))
[13:20] herman Bergson: I only remember that red lens
[13:20] Max Chatnoir: I went on a tour last week to the new SL welcome sim, and there was a tour guide. I wasn't sure if she was human or not. I just conversed with her briefly.
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): https://www.youtube.com/shorts/tVZE0ctRZGQ
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaa here it is
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): this is the song playing in background
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): and i just thought "I have heard that one before!"
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): like very familiar
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): they are human Max
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): volunteers
[13:21] herman Bergson: Are you ok, Gemma? :-)
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): yes
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): and yes this is indeed because i have seen the space oddsey and HAL is singing that as he "dies"
[13:22] Max Chatnoir: Good to know!
[13:22] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): will look for the new chatbot freebie
[13:22] Max Chatnoir: @human volunteers, not at HAL
[13:22] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): noo
[13:22] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:22] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:22] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): volunteers at the welcome area
[13:22] herman Bergson: Historically we still are in a safe place regarding AI.....but coming lectures.....who knows :-)
[13:23] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): are trained like the early mentors
[13:23] Max Chatnoir: ;-)
[13:23] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): if i had time would do it
[13:23] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): sogh tooooooo busy
[13:23] Max Chatnoir: I'm not sure I know enough about SL to be a tour guide.
[13:23] herman Bergson: Where is that new area?
[13:23] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): i will find the landmakr
[13:23] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): indeed who knows how it will turn out
[13:24] Max Chatnoir: Thanks, Gemma.
[13:24] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): well soon find out I guess
[13:24] Second Life: Gemma Cleanslate gave you Welcome Hub Shopping Street.
[13:24] Second Life: Gemma Cleanslate gave you Welcome Hub Social Plaza.
[13:24] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): they are all connected
[13:24] herman Bergson: Interresting :-)
[13:25] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaa
[13:25] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): they are more guides to help new residents
[13:25] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): not tour sl reallt
[13:25] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): but if you would like to do that i know a nice tour
[13:25] herman Bergson: Well we are now close to the question, what is intelligence actually....and do computers simulate real human intelligence?
[13:26] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): on Mondays at 11:30 am slt
[13:27] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): i think they do to a point depending on the input
[13:27] Max Chatnoir: Are humans uniform enough for mechanical copying?
[13:27] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): lacking feeling tho
[13:27] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): emotions
[13:28] herman Bergson: Yes...the debate will be about microworlds and general intelligence.
[13:28] herman Bergson: That is the point, Max...
[13:28] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): indeed can a binary machine feel?
[13:29] herman Bergson: AI is good within microworlds...like within the rules of Chess or Go...
[13:29] herman Bergson: or face recognition...
[13:29] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ah yes
[13:29] Max Chatnoir: Just think about the US Democrats and Republicans. Both ABSOLUTELY sure their view of the world is correct. How did that happen?
[13:29] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): GUUUH! indeed
[13:29] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ouch
[13:29] herman Bergson: GOOD QUESTION....Max
[13:30] Max Chatnoir: Are their brains really identical?
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): no there is definit proof of difference in brain structure Max
[13:30] Max Chatnoir: And if they are, how can they come to different world views?
[13:30] Max Chatnoir: And if they aren't which one should be the model?
[13:30] herman Bergson: And the fact that if you are a republican you are willing to vote for an immoral, law disrespecting rappisst as your president
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): sigh i know
[13:30] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): I saw a clear sign of this when i read the news and saw one of Trumps "evangelical" meeting for all richies/bilionaires and I was shocked
[13:31] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): like We are doomed doomed of T wins"
[13:31] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): not only republicans but many who call themselves independent
[13:31] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): if
[13:31] Max Chatnoir: I totally agree with that, Herman.
[13:31] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): !
[13:31] herman Bergson: I have some explantion for you, Max....
[13:31] Max Chatnoir: But is that because I have a defective brain? LOL
[13:31] herman Bergson: It is based on American psychology....
[13:32] herman Bergson: no...Americans think in terms of winners and losers
[13:32] herman Bergson: that is their basic view of the world
[13:32] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): 1 and 0, nothing between
[13:32] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): why then let the biggest looser win?
[13:32] herman Bergson: That is simple Beertje....
[13:33] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): because he is like a god to the richies from what i saw in that article
[13:33] herman Bergson: I already once said...how to make a looser a winner.....call him the victim...
[13:33] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): as said i was SHOCKED like NONONONO!
[13:33] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): and also working cclass which i cannot understand
[13:33] Max Chatnoir: Interesting, Herman.
[13:33] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): actually uneducated whites mostly
[13:33] herman Bergson: So...what is the Rep party and T....big loosers....
[13:33] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): but a lot of intelligent people
[13:34] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): sigh
[13:34] herman Bergson: But you can not drop T as your candidate, because you then declare yourself as a loser....
[13:34] herman Bergson: doesn't fit American psycho
[13:34] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): uneducated indeed thats the secret, they are sooo blown in their heads that thei believe all crap Mr T spews to that extent that they treat him like a god
[13:34] Max Chatnoir: Hmmmm. Don't want to admit you were wrong?
[13:34] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): GUUUUH! i just say
[13:35] Max Chatnoir: There is a nice piece of Harry Potter fan fiction called Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality. do any of you know it?
[13:35] herman Bergson: So call yourself a victim of all kind of witchunts, and in the US you are a winner
[13:35] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaa yes also their money play a role
[13:35] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): have not read it yet
[13:36] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): with T they wont need to share with others
[13:36] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): i have not read it Max
[13:36] herman Bergson: What is that Max
[13:36] Max Chatnoir: Anyway, in it Harry is telling Draco about science and says that the important thing about science is that you have to be willing to admit you are wrong.
[13:36] Max Chatnoir: I'll find a link. The whole thing is on line.
[13:36] herman Bergson: That is not so difficult
[13:36] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): that is true and i have heard scientists say that
[13:36] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ok, need to check that,
[13:37] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): for some it is Herman
[13:37] herman Bergson: oh yes...big EGOs
[13:37] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): yes
[13:37] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): YES!
[13:38] Max Chatnoir: https://hpmor.com/
[13:38] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): issue is all other candidates have also been eliminated, its just between Biden and T
[13:38] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): and Biden is soon 90
[13:38] herman Bergson: What is happening in the US I follow every day flabbergasted and amazed
[13:38] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): even he is still sharp
[13:38] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): somewhat
[13:38] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): it is
[13:38] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): lol 122 chapters
[13:39] Max Chatnoir: Yes, it's HUGE!
[13:39] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): wow
[13:39] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): thats big indee
[13:39] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): d
[13:39] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): especially every one mentions biden age and hardly anyone TRUMP age
[13:39] Max Chatnoir: Yes, that's interesting, especially given his public gaffes.
[13:39] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): trump has dimentia
[13:39] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): if he stopped the hair dye and orange skin would look as old as biden
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): he says he is kidding
[13:40] herman Bergson: they dont even mention the fact that Biden is a decent person and decent president
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): amazing stuff they cant see what he has done
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): tho i dont agree wiht some
[13:40] Max Chatnoir: And I think Kamala Harris could take over fine if necessary.
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): like the issue of Gaza now
[13:40] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): i agree max
[13:41] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): indeed I mostly agree with all Biden say
[13:41] herman Bergson: I'd love to see here take over...(sorry Joe:-)
[13:41] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): hmm Gaza is a big issue for sure now :(
[13:41] herman Bergson: Finallly a woman at the top
[13:41] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaaaa
[13:42] herman Bergson: ok...that is it for today :-)
[13:42] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ♥ Thank Youuuuuuuuuu!! ♥
[13:43] Max Chatnoir: Yes, we are straying a bit. :-)
[13:43] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): nice again Herman!
[13:43] Guestboook van tipjar stand: Gemma Cleanslate donated L$100. Thank you very much, it is much appreciated!
[13:43] herman Bergson: We need intelligence..not artificial intelligence to deal with all this :-)
[13:43] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): well its as it should be
[13:43] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): right?
[13:43] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:43] herman Bergson: Thank you all again....
[13:43] Max Chatnoir: Yes!
[13:43] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): Thank yuo Herman
[13:43] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ok
[13:43] herman Bergson: Class dismissed...
[13:43] Max Chatnoir: Thanks, Herman.
[13:43] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): yes
[13:43] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): see you tomorrow perhaps
[13:43] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): bye all
[13:44] herman Bergson: Bye
[13:44] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): bye Gemma
[13:44] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): hugs Gemma
[13:44] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): cu
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