If you think that the interest in artificial intelligence is some modern feature of Information Technology, then you are wrong. It has a long history when you look at the basic theory of AI.
Let me introduce to you Epimenides. He lived around 600 BC on Crete and stated the following: "All Cretans are lairs". This is a brainteaser,
for if you assume the statement is true, it is claimed by a lair, so it must be a lie, that is, Cretans are telling the truth, but if the truth is that they are all liars.....
Let me give you another brain teaser. Take a piece of paper and write on it: "The statement on the other side is untrue". Then you turn the paper and write there: "The statement on the other side is untrue".
Now assume that the statement is true or false. You turn the paper end read, what is stated there. Well, it's up to you which statement is true or false. Good luck :-)
These examples show how weird thinking can be. In Ancient Greece it was Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE) who wanted to systematize thinking. For that he used logic.
As such it is an amazing thing he did, but on the other hand you'll find an explanation of it in our project 22 - A World Full of Patterns of 1 Apr 2021.
Of course, there is the Socratic method and other Greek thinkers thought about truth, argumentation strategies, and paradoxes.
But Aristotle differs from his Greek predecessors in that he thinks systematically about how to reason. In fact, Aristotle revealed that there are patterns in the way we think and reason.
When debating about a subject thoughts and ideas and arguments just come up at random. That would be chaos, let alone, that someone claims he has a conclusion. How to get to a conclusion is such chaos.
No, there are patterns in thinking and that is called logic. What is called syllogism is the most tangible and well-known result of the logic of Aristotle.
Let me give you an example: (1) All Philosophy Class students are smart. (2) Lukkie is a student in The Philosophy Class. Conclusion: (3) Lukkie is smart.
Whether you go left or right, whatever, this conclusion is true and can not be denied, if you accept that (1) and (2) are true. You can replace the terms "Philosophy Class student" and "Lukkie" with whatever you like, if the statements (1) and (2) are true, then (3) is undeniably true.
As a philosophy student I made fun of syllogisms and created my own: (1) All cows have four legs, (2) My table has four legs, conclusion: (3) My table is a cow.
I guess you also have the feeling that something in this syllogism isn't right. Up to you to figure that out :-))
You also may wonder what all this has to do with Artificial Intelligence. Just be patient. After a few other lectures, you'll learn and understand, but store this already in your mind.
Thank you for your attention again....
Main Sources:
MacMillan The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd edition
TABLE OF CONTENT -----------------------------------------------------------------
1 - 100 Philosophers 9 May 2009 Start of
2 - 25+ Women Philosophers 10 May 2009 this blog
3 - 25 Adventures in Thinking 10 May 2009
4 - Modern Theories of Ethics 29 Oct 2009
5 - The Ideal State 24 Febr 2010 / 234
6 - The Mystery of the Brain 3 Sept 2010 / 266
7 - The Utopia of the Free Market 16 Febr 2012 / 383
8. - The Aftermath of Neo-liberalism 5 Sept 2012 / 413
9. - The Art Not to Be an Egoist 6 Nov 2012 / 426
10 - Non-Western Philosophy 29 May 2013 / 477
11 - Why Science is Right 2 Sept 2014 / 534
12 - A Philosopher looks at Atheism 1 Jan 2015 / 557
13 - EVIL, a philosophical investigation 17 Apr 2015 / 580
14 - Existentialism and Free Will 2 Sept 2015 / 586
15 - Spinoza 2 Sept 2016 / 615
16 - The Meaning of Life 13 Febr 2017 / 637
17 - In Search of my Self 6 Sept 2017 / 670
18 - The 20th Century Revisited 3 Apr 2018 / 706
19 - The Pessimist 11 Jan 2020 / 819
20 - The Optimist 9 Febr 2020 / 824
21 - Awakening from a Neoliberal Dream 8 Oct 2020 / 872
22 - A World Full of Patterns 1 Apr 2021 / 912
23 - The Concept of Freedom 8 Jan 2022 / 965
24 - Materialism 7 Sept 2022 / 1011
25 - Historical Materialism 5 Oct 2023 / 1088
26 - The Bonobo and the Atheist 9 Jan 2024 / 1102
27 - Artificial Intelligence 9 Feb 2024 / 1108
The Discussion
[13:13] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): good old logic
[13:13] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:13] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:13] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): Thank you Herman
[13:13] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): hahaha yes
[13:13] bergfrau Apfelbaum: :-)
[13:13] Dings (dings.digital): thnak you
[13:13] Now playing: BACH - Hewitt - Partita V,BWV829-Il Allemande
[13:13] Max Chatnoir: Thanks, Herman!
[13:14] Dings (dings.digital): a human from Crete says "All chatbots are liars" :))))
[13:14] Max Chatnoir: :-)
[13:14] herman Bergson: Yes :-)...such a liar..!
[13:14] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): since AI is a collection of information i can see it has been around for a long time but no way to use it properly
[13:15] herman Bergson: And what means "properly? Gemma?
[13:15] herman Bergson: sorry for the typos
[13:15] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): the computer gives one the chance to ask and get info
[13:15] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): well some of these things im not sure you can even program a computer to do
[13:15] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): quickly
[13:16] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): instead of searching encyclopedias etc
[13:16] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): for example the thing with 2 messages being equal and just one being false in an infinite loop,
[13:16] Max Chatnoir: It's more than searching. AI has to be able to connect things logically.
[13:16] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): but im not sure i think about it the right way,
[13:16] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): exactly
[13:17] herman Bergson: That is this project about, Gemma...to rethink what is happening
[13:17] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ok
[13:17] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): nice
[13:17] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaa
[13:17] herman Bergson: AI isn't some new invention....
[13:17] Max Chatnoir: Some syllogisms will guarantee the truth of the conclusion if both statements are true. some won't
[13:18] herman Bergson: Already in the 17th century they were thinking about it...
[13:18] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): that is true too
[13:18] herman Bergson: just await the next lectures ..:-)
[13:18] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): AL have indeed been around in computers for very long also, One of the oldest programming languages LISP was designed specifically for AI, that the structure of the langiage made it so the program could improve its own code
[13:19] herman Bergson: No..no Max....a syllogism's conclusion is ALWAYS true when the premises are true
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): wording
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): like cow tables
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): you can have some fun with syllogism for sure, i have seen those statements before
[13:20] herman Bergson: THAT is the magic of logic
[13:20] Max Chatnoir: Everybody in this class is smart. Bergie is smart. Therefore bergie is in this class?
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): similar ones
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ah
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): prove it
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:20] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:20] herman Bergson: We can't deny that if everybody in this class is smart indeed :-))
[13:20] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): (points at Bergie), well she sits beside me
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): the therefore is not tho i think
[13:21] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): smartest girl is Lukkie
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): there is no proof there that Bergie is in this class
[13:21] Lukkie Sands: Sure I am :-))
[13:21] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaa ㋡
[13:21] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): premise
[13:22] bergfrau Apfelbaum: lol Bejiita
[13:22] Max Chatnoir: Induction vs deduction. Induction has holes.
[13:22] herman Bergson: This is all only about deduction Max
[13:23] herman Bergson: logic is mainly deductive...
[13:23] herman Bergson: In my time I have heard about inductive logic.....
[13:23] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ok
[13:23] herman Bergson: but I have to look that up..
[13:23] bergfrau Apfelbaum: i am here!
[13:24] Max Chatnoir: No, probably I have to look it up and you are dead right!
[13:24] Max Chatnoir: LOL
[13:24] bergfrau Apfelbaum: does anyone question that?
[13:24] bergfrau Apfelbaum: :-)
[13:24] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): haha
13:24] herman Bergson: that is just an empirical matter of fact Bergie,,,dont worry ..:-)
[13:24] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): it is sometimes very hard to prove
[13:24] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): inductive logic that is
[13:25] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): never thought about there being differrent types like that
[13:25] Max Chatnoir: Most science is inductive. So it's only good so long as you don't falsify something.
[13:25] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): what does inductive logic stand for then?
[13:25] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ok
[13:26] herman Bergson: Well..the general problem with induction is that that it only leads to more probability
[13:26] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): backwards thinking actually
[13:26] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ok
[13:26] Max Chatnoir: Yes, kind of.
[13:26] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): hm
[13:26] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): from specific to general idea
[13:26] herman Bergson: it never leads to a definite conclusion
[13:26] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): does not always work
[13:26] herman Bergson: that is the point Gemma...
[13:26] Max Chatnoir: It can't, because mostly it's not deductive.
[13:26] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): right
[13:27] herman Bergson: it never leads to a general conclusion...only to a probable conclusion
[13:27] Max Chatnoir: That's why it's never boring!
[13:27] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:27] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:28] herman Bergson: if you say...all Swans are white...you never hit the target...for there always can be a black swan...
[13:29] herman Bergson: That is why Popper demanded falsification as a criterion for truth...
[13:29] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ah
[13:29] Max Chatnoir: Unless it's TRUE that all swans are white.
[13:29] Max Chatnoir: Then if you get a black bird, it's not a swan.
[13:29] herman Bergson: if you claim all swans are white...ok...I'll find you a black one and you are out :-)
[13:29] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): I have never seen a black swan myself but
[13:29] Max Chatnoir: I have.
[13:29] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): I have
[13:29] Max Chatnoir: seen black swans.
[13:30] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ok
[13:30] herman Bergson: I recently even saw black swans :-))
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): Australia has them
[13:30] Dings (dings.digital): I heard pink and blue is the latest fashion among swans
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate) GIGGLES!!
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ...LOL...
[13:30] Max Chatnoir: Yes, if you claim that all swans are white and a black one turns up, you have to rethink what makes it a swan.
[13:30] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): well Around here I see mostly geese, pooping everywhere
[13:30] herman Bergson: Also in the Netherlands Gemma :-)
[13:30] herman Bergson: but rare
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ah nice
[13:30] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): very
[13:30] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:31] herman Bergson: You are funny Max.....
[13:31] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): if you see one in the usa it probably escaped from captivity
[13:31] herman Bergson: If the statement is refuted you want to debate about the definitions :-)
[13:31] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): a zoo
[13:32] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): or a personal collection
[13:32] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): they are very unusual as i understand at least
[13:32] herman Bergson: Are you REALLY a swan...or just an oil victim?
[13:32] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): but not just a myth, they do exist
[13:33] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): hmm bet there were many black swans after deepwater horizon
[13:33] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): poor things, not the black you would want on you ㋡
[13:33] herman Bergson: They exist...
[13:33] herman Bergson: I have seen them
[13:33] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): :(
[13:33] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): i have seen them too
[13:34] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): we live in a specialland:)
[13:34] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:34] herman Bergson: with blacjk swans :-))
[13:34] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): yes
[13:35] herman Bergson: there we got one it seems
[13:35] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): aaaa
[13:35] herman Bergson: lol
[13:35] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:35] herman Bergson: Case closed...
[13:36] Max Chatnoir: Nice!
[13:36] herman Bergson: Thank you all again....
[13:36] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): aha
[13:36] herman Bergson: Class dismissed...
[13:36] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ㋡
[13:36] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): lol
[13:36] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): ♥ Thank Youuuuuuuuuu!! ♥
[13:36] bergfrau Apfelbaum: now we have all seen one :-)
[13:36] Dings (dings.digital): thank you
[13:36] Particle Physicist Bejiita (bejiita.imako): ah
[13:36] bergfrau Apfelbaum: thank you Herman and class!!
[13:36] bergfrau Apfelbaum: yay
[13:36] .: Beertje :. (beertje.beaumont): Thank you Herman, interesting as always:)
[13:36] bergfrau Apfelbaum: clap clap
[13:36] herman Bergson: my pleasure Dings
[13:36] Max Chatnoir: Thank you , Herman.
[13:36] Gemma (gemma.cleanslate): yes
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